Ethylenediamine
Ethylenediamine (abbreviated as en when a ligand) is the organic compound with the formula C2H4(NH2)2. This colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor is a strongly basic amine. The liquid fumes upon contact with humid air. It is a widely used building block in chemical synthesis, with approximately 500,000,000 kg being produced in 1998.[3]
Contents
Synthesis
Ethylenediamine is manufactured industrially from 1,2-dichloroethane and ammonia under pressure at 180 °C in an aqueous medium:[3][4]
In this reaction hydrogen chloride is generated, which forms a salt with the amine. The amine is liberated by addition of sodium hydroxide and can then be recovered by rectifcation. Diethylenetriamine (DETA) and triethylenetetramine (TETA) are formed as by-products.
Another industrial route to ethylenediamine involves the reaction of ethanolamine and ammonia:[5]
This process involves passing the gaseous reactants over a bed of nickel heterogeneous catalysts.
Applications
Ethylenediamine is used in large quantities for production of many industrial chemicals. It forms derivatives with carboxylic acids (including fatty acids), nitriles, alcohols (at elevated temperatures), alkylating agents, carbon disulfide, and aldehydes and ketones. Because of its bifunctional nature, having two amines, it readily forms heterocycles such as imidazolidines.
Chelating agent and precursor to other ligands
Ethylenediamine is a well-known chelating ligand for coordination compounds, such as [Co(ethylenediamine)3]3+. The most prominent derivative of ethylenediamine is EDTA, which is derived from ethylenediamine via a Strecker synthesis involving cyanide and formaldehyde. Hydroxyethylethylenediamine is another commercially significant chelating agent. The salen ligands, derived from the condensation of salicylaldehydes and ethylenediamine, are popular chelating agents in the research laboratory although not commercially significant.[3]
Precursor to pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals
Numerous bio-active compounds contain the N-CH2-CH2-N linkage, including aminophylline and some antihistamines.[6] Salts of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate are commercially significant fungicides under the brand names Maneb, Mancozeb, Zineb, and Metiram. Some imidazoline-containing fungicides are derived from ethylenediamine.[3]
Role in polymers
Ethylenediamine, because it contains two amine groups, is widely used precursor to various polymers. Condensates derived from formaldehyde are plasticizers. It is widely used in the production of polyurethane fibers. The PAMAM class of dendrimers are derived from ethylenediamine.[3]
Tetraacetylethylenediamine
The bleaching activator tetraacetylethylenediamine is generated from ethylenediamine. The derivative N,N-ethylenebis(stearamide) (EBS) is a commercially significant mold-release agent and a surfactant in gasoline and motor oil.
Specialized applications
- as a solvent, it is miscible with polar solvents and is used to solubilize proteins such as albumins and casein. It is also used in certain electroplating baths.
- as a corrosion inhibitor in paints and coolants.
- ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDDI) is added to animal feeds as a source of iodide.
- chemicals for color photography developing, binders, adhesives, fabric softeners, curing agents for epoxys, and dyes.
- Ethylenediamine (Edamine) is a common organic additive to the plant in vitro culture Murashige and Skoog medium.
Ethylenamine derivatives
Ethylenediamine is the first member of the so-called polyethylene amines, other members being:
- Diethylenetriamine, abbreviated dien or DETA, (H2N-CH2CH2-NH-CH2CH2-NH2, an analog of diethylene glycol)
- Triethylenetetramine, abbreviated trien or TETA, (H2N-CH2CH2-NH-CH2CH2-NH-CH2CH2-NH2)
- Tetraethylenepentamine, abbreviated TEPA, (H2N-CH2CH2-NH-CH2CH2-NH-CH2CH2-NH-CH2CH2-NH2),
- Pentaethylenehexamine, abbreviated PEHA, (H2N-CH2CH2-NH-CH2CH2-NH-CH2CH2-NH-CH2CH2-NH-CH2CH2-NH2), up to polyethylene amine. Similarly piperazine is an analogue of dioxane.
Related derivatives of ethylenediamine include tetramethylethylenediamine (abbreviated TMEDA), (CH3)2N-CH2CH2-N(CH3)2 and tetraethylethylenediamine (abbreviated TEEDA) (C2H5)2N-CH2CH2-N(C2H5)2
Safety
Ethylenediamine, like most amines, is a skin irritant. It was used in commercially available skin products including Mycolog cream.[7] Ethylenediamine has a half-life of about 30 minutes and a small volume of distribution of 0.133 liters/kg. After oral administration its bioavailability is about 0.34, due to a substantial first-pass effect. Less than 20% is eliminated by urinal excretion.[8]
References
- ↑ Council Regulation (EC) No 129/2007 of 12 February 2007 providing for duty-free treatment for specified pharmaceutical active ingredients bearing an international non-proprietary name (INN) from the World Health Organisation and specified products used for the manufacture of finished pharmaceuticals
- ↑ Hall, H.K., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79, 5441.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Karsten Eller, Erhard Henkes, Roland Rossbacher, Hartmut Höke "Amines, Aliphatic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_001
- ↑ Hans-Jürgen Arpe, Industrielle Organische Chemie, 6. Auflage (2007), Seite 245, Wiley VCH
- ↑ Hans-Jürgen Arpe, Industrielle Organische Chemie, 6. Auflage (2007), Seite 275, Wiley VCH
- ↑ Script error
- ↑ Script error
- ↑ Script error
External links
| ||||||||||||||
es:Etilendiamina fr:Éthylènediamine ko:에틸렌다이아민 it:Etilendiammina nl:Ethyleendiamine ja:エチレンジアミン pl:Etylenodiamina pt:Etilenodiamina ru:Этилендиамин fi:Etyleenidiamiini sv:Etyldiamin zh:乙二胺
