Royal Dutch Shell

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Royal Dutch Shell plc
Type

Public limited company
(LSE: RDSA
LSE: RDSB
Euronext: RDSA
Euronext: RDSB

NYSE: RDS.A
NYSE: RDS.B)
Industry Oil and gas
Founded 1907
Area served Worldwide
Key people Jorma Ollila (Chairman)
Peter Voser (CEO)
Products Petroleum, natural gas, and other petrochemicals
Revenue Increase US$ 368.056 billion (2010)UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000001-QINU1UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000002-QINU
[[Earnings before interest and taxes|Operating income]] [[File:Increase2.svg|11px|alt=Increase|link=]] US$ 35.344 billion (2010)[1]
Profit Increase US$ 20.474 billion (2010)UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000007-QINU1UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000008-QINU
[[Asset|Total assets]] [[File:Increase2.svg|11px|alt=Increase|link=]] US$ 322.560 billion (2010)
Total equity

Increase US$ 148.013 billion (2010)

Employees 101,000
[[Subsidiary|Subsidiaries]]
Website [http://www.shell.com Shell.com]
'''Royal Dutch Shell plc''' ([[London Stock Exchange|LSE]]: [http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-and-news/stocks/prices-search/stock-prices-search.html?nameCode=RDSA RDSA], [[London Stock Exchange|LSE]]: [http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-and-news/stocks/prices-search/stock-prices-search.html?nameCode=RDSB RDSB]), commonly known as '''Shell''', is a global [[petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas|gas]] company headquartered in [[The Hague]], Netherlands and with its registered office at the [[Shell Centre]] in London, United Kingdom.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000000A-QINU2UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000000B-QINU It is the second-largest energy company and the fifth-largest companyUNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000000D-QINU3UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000000E-QINU in the world according to Forbes Magazine list for 2011UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000010-QINU4UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000011-QINU. It is [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]] and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including [[Hydrocarbon exploration|exploration]] and [[Extraction of petroleum|production]], [[refining]], [[Midstream|distribution and marketing]], [[petrochemical]]s, [[power generation]] and [[Trader (finance)|trading]]. It also has major [[renewable energy]] activities, including in [[biofuel]]s, [[Hydrogen economy|hydrogen]], [[Solar power|solar]] and [[wind power]]. It has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million [[Barrel of oil equivalent|barrels of oil equivalent]] per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000013-QINU5UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000014-QINU [[Shell Oil Company]], its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000016-QINU6UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000017-QINU Its primary listing is on the [[London Stock Exchange]] and it is a constituent of the [[FTSE 100 Index]]. It has secondary listings on [[Euronext|Euronext Amsterdam]] and the [[New York Stock Exchange]]. ==History== [[Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Afscheepsteiger Tarakan 14 TMnr 10010382.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Royal Dutch Petroleum dock in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]])]] [[File:Shell kantoor Den Haag.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Headquarters in [[The Hague]]]] ===20th century=== The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created in February 1907 when the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company (legal name in Dutch, N.V. [[Koninklijk]]e Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij) and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom merged their operationsUNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000019-QINU7UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000001A-QINU – a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with the then dominant American petroleum company, [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s [[Standard Oil]]. The terms of the merger gave 60% ownership of the new Group to the Dutch arm and 40% to the British. Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] company founded in 1890 by [[Jean Baptiste August Kessler]],UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000001C-QINU7UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000001D-QINU along with [[Henri Deterding]], when a Royal charter was granted by King [[William III of the Netherlands]] to a small oil exploration and production company known as "Royal Dutch Company for the Working of Petroleum Wells in the Dutch Indies".UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000001F-QINU8UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000020-QINU The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] company, founded in 1897 by [[Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted|Marcus Samuel]] and his brother [[Samuel Samuel]].UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000022-QINU7UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000023-QINU Their father had owned a company, importing and selling sea-shells, after which the company "Shell" took its name.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000025-QINU9UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000026-QINU In 1925, he became 1st [[Viscount Bearsted]]. Lord Bearsted was also awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Law (LLD) from the [[University of Sheffield]] during his lifetime.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000028-QINU10UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000029-QINU Initially the Company commissioned eight [[oil tanker]]s for the purposes of transporting oil. In 1919, Shell took control of the [[Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company]] and in 1921 formed Shell-Mex Limited which marketed products under the "Shell" and "Eagle" brands in the United Kingdom. In 1932, partly in response to the difficult economic conditions of the times, Shell-Mex merged its UK marketing operations with those of [[British Petroleum]] to create [[Shell-Mex and BP]] Ltd,UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000002B-QINU11UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000002C-QINU a company that traded until the brands separated in 1975. Around 1953, Shell was the first company to purchase and use an electronic computer in the Netherlands.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000002E-QINU12UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000002F-QINU The computer, a [[Ferranti Mark 1|Ferranti Mark 1 Star]], was assembled and used at the Shell laboratory in Amsterdam. In 1970 Shell acquired the mining company Billiton, which it subsequently sold in 1994 and now forms part of [[BHP Billiton]].UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000031-QINU13UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000032-QINU ===21st century=== In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its [[oil reserves]], it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the [[London Stock Exchange]], a secondary listing on the [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange]], its headquarters and tax residency in [[The Hague]], Netherlands and its registered office in London. The unification was completed on 20 July 2005. Shares were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000034-QINU14UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000035-QINU In November 2007 Shell acquired a majority stake in some gas fields owned by [[Regal Petroleum]] in [[Ukraine]].UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000037-QINU15UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000038-QINU In December 2009 a consortium led by Shell was awarded a production contract for the the Majnoon field in the south of Iraq, which contains an estimated 12.6 billion barrels of oil.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000003A-QINU16UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000003B-QINU In February 2010 Shell and [[Cosan]] formed a 50:50 joint-venture comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000003D-QINU17UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000003E-QINU In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, including its liquid petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme. Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $2–3bn from the sale.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000040-QINU18UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000041-QINU In June 2010, Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all of the business of East Resources for a cash consideration of $4.7 billion. The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields.[19]

Contents

Corporate affairs

Management

On 4 August 2005, the board of directors announced the appointment of Jorma Ollila, chairman and CEO of Nokia at the time, to succeed Aad Jacobs as the company’s non-executive chairman on 1 June 2006. Ollila is the first Shell chairman to be neither Dutch nor British. Other non-executive directors include Maarten van den Bergh, Wim Kok, Nina Henderson, Lord Kerr, Adelbert van Roxe, and Christine Morin-Postel.

As of 1 July 2009, Peter Voser is CEO of Shell.[20] Peter, who is Swiss, is the first non-Dutch, non-British CEO of the company.

Name and brand

A Shell-sponsored Ferrari F60 Formula One motor racing car

The name Shell is linked to The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company.[21] In 1833, the founder's father, also Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realized there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.

The Shell brand is one of the most familiar commercial symbols in the world. Known as the "pecten" after the sea shell Pecten maximus (the giant scallop), on which its design is based, the current version of the brand was designed by Raymond Loewy and introduced in 1971. The yellow and red colours used are thought to relate to the colours of the flag of Spain as Shell built early service stations in the state of California which had strong connections with Spain.[22]

The slash was removed from the name "Royal Dutch/Shell" in 2004, concurrent with moves to merge the two legally separate companies (Royal Dutch and Shell) to the single legal entity which exists today.[23]

Operations

The upstream provides two thirds of Shell's revenues
Shell oil depot in Kowloon, Hong Kong

Shell has five core businesses: exploration and production (the "upstream"), gas and power, refining and marketing (the "downstream"), chemicals, and trading and shipping. Shell has operations in over 140 countries.

Oil and gas related activities

Shell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry, each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company.

Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague. Nevertheless. there were very large "exploration and production" companies in a small number of major oil and gas production centres such as the United Kingdom (Shell Expro, a Joint Venture with Exxon), Nigeria, Brunei, and Oman.

Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generates a third of Shell's profits worldwide and is known its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries. The downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining, generally included a retail petrol station network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales and a host of other product/market sectors such as LPG and bitumen. The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local "operating companies" – often with middle and senior management reinforced by expatriates. In the 1990s, this paradigm began to change, and the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced. Today, virtually all of Shell’s operations in various businesses are much more directly managed from London and The Hague. The autonomy of “operating companies” has been largely removed, as more "global businesses" have been created.

Africa

Shell began drilling for oil in Africa during the 1950s. Shell began oil production in Nigeria in 1958.[24] Shell operates in the upstream oil sector in Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Gabon where is the giant Rabi-Kounga oil field, Ghana, Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa and Tunisia; and in the downstream sector in 16 other countries.[25]

In Nigeria, Shell told US diplomats that it had placed staff in all the main ministries of the government.[26]

In April 2010, Shell announced its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa to Vitol and "Helios".[27] In several countries such as Tunisia, protests and strikes broke out. Shell denied rumors of the sellout.[28] Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich Niger Delta as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa.

Australia

Shell petrol station in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.
Main article: Shell Australia

In Australia, retailer Coles Group (now part of Wesfarmers) purchased the rights to the retail business from the existing Shell Australia multi-site franchisees in 2003 for an amount less than [[Australian dollar|A$]]100 million. The purchase was made in response to a popular discount fuel offer by rival [[Woolworths Limited]] launched some years earlier. [[Coles Express]]' only affiliation with Shell is that Shell is the exclusive supplier of fuel and lubricant products, leases the service station property to Coles, and maintains the presence of the "pecten" and other Shell branding on the price board and other signage. Coles Express sets fuel and shop prices and runs the business, provides convenience and grocery merchandise through its supply chain and distribution network, and directly employs the service station staff. Royal Dutch Shell is currently developing the first [[floating liquefied natural gas]] facility, which will be situated 200km off the coast of Western Australia and is due for completion in around 2017.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000062-QINU29UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000063-QINU When it is finished, it will measure around 488m long and 74m wide, and when fully ballasted will weigh 600,000 tonnes.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000065-QINU30UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000066-QINU ====Ireland==== Shell first started trading in Ireland in 1902.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000068-QINU31UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000069-QINU Shell E&P Ireland (SEPIL) (previously Enterprise Energy Ireland) is an Irish exploration and production subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. Its headquarters are on [[Leeson Street]] in [[Dublin]]. It was acquired in May 2002.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000006B-QINU32UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000006C-QINU Its main project is the [[Corrib gas project]], a large gas field off the northwest coast, for which Shell has encountered [[Corrib gas controversy|controversy and protests]] in relation to the onshore pipeline and licence terms. In 2005 Shell disposed of its entire retail and commercial fuels business in Ireland to Topaz Energy Group. This included depots, company-owned petrol stations and supply agreements stations throughout the island of Ireland.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000006E-QINU33UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000006F-QINU The retail outlets were re-branded as Topaz in 2008/9.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000071-QINU34UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000072-QINU [[Image:Shellgasstationlosthills.jpg|thumb|right|[[filling station|Service station]] near [[Lost Hills, California]]]] ====North America====

Main articles: [[Shell Oil Company|Shell Oil Company]] and [[Shell Canada|Shell Canada]]
Through most of Shell's history, its business in the United States, [[Shell Oil Company]] was substantially independent with its stock ("Shell Oil") being traded on the [[NYSE]] and with little direct involvement from the group’s central offices in the running of the American business. Such practice also changed in the 1990s when Shell first bought out the shares in Shell Oil that it did not own and then took a more hands-on approach. In Canada, also previously very independent, Shell has completed its purchase of the shares in [[Shell Canada]] that it did not own, to apply the new global business model. ====The Philippines==== On January 2010, The bureau of customs claimed 7.34 billion pesos worth of unpaid [[excise taxes]] against ''Pilipinas Shell'' for importing [[Catalytic cracked gasoline]] [[(CCG)]] and [[light catalytic cracked gasoline]] [[(LCCG)]] stating that those imports are bound for tariff charges.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000075-QINU35UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000076-QINU '' Pilipinas Shell '' denied the claim stating that those imports are [[raw materials]] for making their products. The company later emphasized that they are considering to close their local [[oil refinery]] if the case continues. ''Pilipinas Shell'' informed the public that they will exhaust all necessary steps to meet the demand for fuel. ====Scandinavia==== On 27 August 2007, Royal Dutch Shell and [[Reitan Group]], the owner of the [[7-Eleven]] brand in Scandinavia, announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden Finland and Denmark, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000078-QINU36UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000079-QINU On April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000007B-QINU37UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000007C-QINUUNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000007E-QINU38UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000007F-QINU ===Other activities=== Over the years Shell has occasionally sought to diversify away from its core oil, gas and chemicals businesses. These diversifications have included [[nuclear power]] (a short-lived and costly joint venture with [[Gulf Oil]] in the USA); coal (Shell Coal was for a time a significant player in mining and marketing); metals (Shell acquired the Dutch metals-mining company [[Billiton]] in 1970) and [[electricity generation]] (a joint venture with [[Bechtel]] called Intergen). None of these ventures were seen as successful and all have now been divested. In the early 2000s Shell moved into [[alternative energy]] and there is now an embryonic "[[Renewables]]" business that has made investments in [[solar power]], [[wind power]], [[hydrogen]], and [[forestry]]. The forestry business went the way of nuclear, coal, metals and electricity generation, and was disposed of in 2003. In 2006 Shell sold its entire solar businessUNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000081-QINU39UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000082-QINU and in 2008, the company withdrew from the [[London Array]] which is expected to become the world's largest offshore wind farm.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000084-QINU40UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000085-QINU Shell also is involved in large-scale hydrogen projects. HydrogenForecast.com describes Shell's approach thus far as consisting of "baby steps", but with an underlying message of "extreme optimism".UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000087-QINU41UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000088-QINU In September 2010, Shell agreed to a $12 billion joint venture with Brazilian sugarcane producer Cosan to develop sugarcane-based ethanol and power.[42]

Corporate controversies

Former Shell Research and Technology Centre, Amsterdam

Shell's compliance to corporate social responsibility also includes its UK and international Shell LiveWIRE programmes. This initiative has over 26 years experience of encouraging young people to start and develop their own businesses in the UK and 26 other countries in the world.[43]

Shell has been criticised for its businesses in Africa, notably in relation to protests of the Ogoni in 1995.[44]

In the 1990s, protesters criticized the company's environmental record, particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea. Despite support from the UK government, Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally better.[45] Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development, supported by executive speeches reinforcing this commitment.[46]

2004 overstatement of oil reserves

In 2004 Shell overstated its oil reserves, resulting in loss of confidence in the group, a £17 million fine by the Financial Services Authority and the departure of the chairman Philip Watts. A lawsuit resulted in the payment of $450 million to non-American shareholders in 2007.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-00000099-QINU47UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000009A-QINUUNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000009C-QINU48UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000009D-QINUUNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-0000009F-QINU49UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000A0-QINU ===Canadian oil sands=== Shell is one of numerous firms who are extracting oil from Canadian [[oil sands]].UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000A2-QINU50UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000A3-QINUUNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000A5-QINU51UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000A6-QINU ===Corporate communications=== [[Image:Shell Centre, London, UK, June 2004.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Shell Centre]] building in London, UK]] Shell's advertising regarding its [[renewable energy]] business has been described as a [[greenwash]] by some environmental lobbies,UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000A8-QINU52UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000A9-QINU though its renewable energy activities have been praised by other commentators.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000AB-QINU53UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000AC-QINU In August 2008, the British [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|Advertising Standards Authority]] (ASA) ruled that Shell had misled the public in an advertisement when it claimed that a $10 billion oil sands project in Alberta, Canada was a "sustainable energy source".[54]

Environmental pollution

The presence of companies like Shell in Niger-Delta has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the Niger-Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. This has resulted in many oil spills in this area that have degraded the environment, killing of vegetation and fish. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes.[55] This has led to mass protests from the Niger-Delta inhabitants and Amnesty International against Shell. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental groups, and human rights groups.[56]

In Magdelena, Argentina: Shell was responsible for the largest oil spill that has ever occurred in freshwater in the world. On 15 January 1999, a Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina collided with another tanker, emptying its contents into the lake, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.[57]

Health and safety

A number of incidents over the years led to criticism of Shell's health and safety record, including repeated warnings by the UK Health and Safety Executive about the poor state of the company's North Sea platforms.[58]

Human rights

In the beginning of 1996, several human rights groups brought cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria, including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture, inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. In particular, Shell stood accused of ­collaborating in the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other leaders of the Ogoni tribe of southern Nigeria, who were hanged in 1995 by Nigeria's then military rulers.[59] The lawsuits were brought against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation.[60] In 2009, Shell agreed to pay $15.5m in a legal settlement.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000C3-QINU59UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000C4-QINU Shell has not accepted any liability over the allegations against it.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000C6-QINU61UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000C7-QINU In 2009, Shell was the subject of an Amnesty International report into the deterioration of human rights as a consequence of Shell's activities in the [[Niger Delta]]. In particular, Amnesty criticised the continuation of [[gas flaring]] and Shell's slow response to oil spills.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000C9-QINU62UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000CA-QINU In 2010, a leaked cable revealed that Shell claims to have inserted staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government and know "everything that was being done in those ministries", according to Shells top executive in Nigeria. The same executive also boasted that the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration.UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000CC-QINU63UNIQ2541803921c0a44e-nowiki-000000CD-QINU ===Sakhalin-II project=== Problems have also occurred with the [[Sakhalin-II]] project in Russia and the [[Corrib gas controversy|controversial]] [[Corrib Gas Field]] development in Ireland. In 2007 [[Friends of the Earth]] alleged that the damage caused by Shell's oil activities to local communities and the wider environment could be assessed at $20 billion.[64] Accusations have also been made about the conduct of Shell in Nigeria.[65]

Tom Corbett campaign donations

From 2009-2010, Shell, acting under East Resources, donated more than $300,000[66] to current governor of Pennsylvania, Tom Corbett, which some believe was a payoff in exchange for no severance tax and the repeal of environmental policies created to protect the environment from natural gas drilling.[67]

Whistleblowers

Shell has set up a global internet-based facility for whistleblowers to report alleged violations of the law or the Shell general business principles, a voluntary code of ethics pledging transparency, integrity and honesty in all of Shell's business dealings.[68] The introduction at the global helpline website says "Reporting and addressing suspected violations of the law or the Shell General Business Principles (SGBP) is of critical importance in protecting our reputation and the value of the Shell brand." Whistleblowers are asked to provide identity details but anonymous reports are also accepted. The Global Helpline operated by Global Compliance, Inc. is available to "customers, suppliers, partners, advisers and employees of Shell".[69]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 4th Quarter Results 2010
  2. ↑ "Investor Centre – Investor contacts". Shell International B.V.. 27 June 2007. http://www.shell.com/home/content2/investor-en/contact.html. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
  3. ↑ "Royal Dutch Shell". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/companies/royal-dutch-shell/. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  4. ↑ "The World's Biggest Public Companies". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/global2000/. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  5. ↑ "Shell at a glance". Royal Dutch Shell plc. http://www.shell.com/home/content/aboutshell/at_a_glance/. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  6. ↑ "Exploration & Production in the United States". Royal Dutch Shell plc. http://www.shell.us/home/content/usa/aboutshell/shell_businesses/upstream/. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Royal Dutch Shell: History
  8. ↑ "History of Shell in Indonesia". PT Shell Indonesia. http://www.shell.com/home/content2/id-en/about_shell/who_we_are/history_of_shell_indonesia_0905.html. Retrieved 25 Nov 2008.
  9. ↑ "Person Page 11826". Darryl Lundy. thePeerage.com. 19 August 2008. http://www.thepeerage.com/p11826.htm#i118260. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
  10. ↑ "Person Page 11826". Darryl Lundy. thePeerage.com. 19 August 2008. http://www.thepeerage.com/p11826.htm#i118260. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
  11. ↑ Reference and contact details: GB 1566 SMBP Title:Shell-Mex and BP Archive Dates of Creation: 1900–1975 Held at: BP Archive GB 1566 SMBP
  12. ↑ The Ferranti Mark 1* that went to Shell labs in Amsterdam, Netherlands (Dutch only)
  13. ↑ "Analysis: Cash bounty lures miners into risky empire-building". Reuters. 27 September 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/27/us-mining-conglomerates-analysis-idUSTRE68Q2NH20100927?pageNumber=2. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  14. ↑ Shell shareholders agree merger BBC News, 2005
  15. ↑ Nikhil Kumar (22 November 2007). "Shell buys stake in Regal gas fields". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/shell-buys-stakein-regal-gas-fields-759058.html.
  16. ↑ "Shell secures vital toehold in ‘the new Iraq’ where oil is ready to flow". The Times. 12 December 2009. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article6954091.ece. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
  17. ↑ "Shell bets on ethanol in $21 billion deal with Brazil's Cosan"]. Reuters. 1 February 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/01/us-cosan-shell-idUSTRE6101TW20100201. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
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  31. [[#cite_ref-30|↑]] Book “Down Many a Road”, the story of Shell in Ireland from 1902 to 200 – Bob Montgomery Dreolín Publications 2002 ISBN 1-902773-11-X
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  40. [[#cite_ref-39|↑]] [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e2a5b99c-16ea-11dd-bbfc-0000779fd2ac.html Shell pulls out of key wind power project], ''[[Financial Times]]'', 1 May 2008
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  42. [[#cite_ref-Sugarcane_Ethanol_41-0|↑]] [http://ecoseed.org/en/business/renewable-energy/article/95-renewable-energy/7903-shell-and-cosan-join-forces-for-$-12-billion-ethanol-venture Shell and Cosan join forces for $ 12 billion ethanol venture]
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  45. [[#cite_ref-44|↑]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/218527.stm Brent Spar's long saga] BBC News, 1998
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  57. [[#cite_ref-56|↑]] [http://www.petroleomagdalena.com Petroleo en Magdalena – República Argentina] ''www.petroleomagdalena.com'' (spanish)
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  59. ↑ [[#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_58-0|59.0]] [[#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_58-1|59.1]] [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/08/nigeria-usa Shell pays out $15.5m over Saro-Wiwa killing
  60. ↑ The case against Shell
  61. ↑ "Shell settles Nigeria deaths case". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8090493.stm.
  62. ↑ Amnesty.org
  63. ↑ Smith, David (8 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables: Shell's grip on Nigerian state revealed". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/dec/08/wikileaks-cables-shell-nigeria-spying.
  64. ↑ Macalister, Terry (31 January 2007). "Campaigners urge Shell to put profits into clean-up". Business (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,2002276,00.html. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
  65. ↑ Curse of the Black Gold
  66. ↑ Tom Corbett, Republican
  67. ↑ Corbett repeals policy on gas drilling in parks
  68. ↑ "Environment and Society – Shell General Business Principles". Environment and Society. Shell International B.V.. 5 May 2007. http://www.shell.com/home/Framework?siteId=envirosoc-en&FC2=&FC3=/envirosoc-en/html/iwgen/making_it_happen/our_commitments_and_standards/shell_general_business_principles/%20sgbp_13042007.html. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
  69. ↑ Shell Global Helpline

Bibliography

  • "A Century in Oil" by Stephen Howarth [1997] ISBN 0 297 82247 0. A History of The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company.
  • "A History of Royal Dutch Shell" by Stephen Howarth and others [2007]. ISBN 978 0199298778
  • "Seven Sisters" by Anthony Sampson (1981) ISBN 978 0553234695
  • "Shell Shock: The secrets and spin of an Oil Giant" by Ian Cummins and John Beasant [2005]. ISBN 1 84018 941 X

External links

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