Scallop theorem
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The Scallop theorem states that to achieve propulsion at low Reynolds number in simple fluids (i.e. Newtonian fluids), a swimmer must deform in a way that is not invariant under time-reversal.
Edward Mills Purcell stated this theorem in his 1977 paper Life at Low Reynolds Number explaining physical principles of aquatic locomotion.
The Scallop is the only Bivalve able to actively swim distances. Its swimming technique, though, is not applicable to moving in viscous fluids—thus the name of the theorem.
External links
- E.M. Purcell. Life at Low Reynolds Number, American Journal of Physics vol 45, p. 3-11 (1977)
- A presentation on Purcell's theory
- Kinematic Reversibility and the Scallop Theorem
- Video of a swimming robot unable to propel in viscous fluid due to the Scallop theorem
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